For the estimation of the risk potential emanating from a chemical reaction, flash point, vapor pressure, reactivity (e. g., with atomospheric oxygen and water), toxicity data, and lots of others are important parameters. However, a quick composition of information and utilization for an early evaluation of the synthesis’ strategy, as well as for a comparison of various options, is not possible without expenses. Therefore, it makes sense to refer to the easily accessible R-phrases determined for the substances and, where these informations are compiled. According to the urgency of an endangerment by chemical substances, all R-phrases were assigned to the weighting factors 0.1 to 5. Normally, the R-phrase specification “very toxic” gains a higher value Q than “toxic”, and this correspondingly higher than “harmful” – analogously explosiveness and inflammability, as well. The more conditions must be fulfilled in case of danger, the lower the values are for Q. Endangerment for the nature get lower values of Q, because in this category the occupational safety and health is regarded. Normally, precondition for the endangerment by swallowing is the active self-fault , and, therefore, it gets the value Q = 0.5, or, even if longer exposition is necessary because of danger of swallowing, only the value Q = 0.1. If several R-phrases are assigned to a substance, the corresponding values for Q are summed up to max. 10, to accommodate to the different effects to be conceived cumulatively.
Table 2 Assignment of the R-phrases to the weighting factor QRisk
Q |
No. |
R-phrase |
4 |
R1 |
Explosive
when dry. |
4 |
R2 |
Risk
of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. |
5 |
R3 |
Extreme
risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. |
2 |
R4 |
Forms
very sensitive explosive metallic compounds. |
3 |
R5 |
Heating
may cause an explosion. |
4 |
R6 |
Explosive
with or without contact with air. |
3 |
R7 |
May
cause fire. |
4 |
R8 |
Contact
with combustible material may cause fire. |
3 |
R9 |
Explosive
when mixed with combustible material. |
1 |
R10 |
Flammable |
2 |
R11 |
Highly
flammable |
3 |
R12 |
Extremely
flammable |
3 |
R13 |
Extremely
flammable liquid gas |
2 |
R14 |
Reacts
violently with water. |
3 |
R14/15 |
Reacts
violently with water, liberating extremely flammable gases. |
3 |
R15 |
Contact
with water liberates extremely flammable gases. |
3 |
R15/29 |
Contact
with water liberates toxic, extremely flammable gas. |
3 |
R16 |
Explosive
when mixed with oxidizing substances. |
4 |
R17 |
Spontaneously
flammable in air. |
3 |
R18 |
In
use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture. |
3 |
R19 |
May
form explosive peroxides. |
1.5 |
R20 |
Harmful
by inhalation. |
1.5 |
R20/21 |
Harmful
by inhalation and in contact with skin. |
1.5 |
R20/21/22 |
Harmful
by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
1.5 |
R20/22 |
Harmful
by inhalation and if swallowed. |
1.5 |
R21 |
Harmful
in contact with skin. |
1.5 |
R21/22 |
Harmful
in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
0.5 |
R22 |
Harmful
if swallowed. |
2.5 |
R23 |
Toxic
by inhalation. |
2.5 |
R23/24 |
Toxic
by inhalation and in contact with skin. |
2.5 |
R23/24/25 |
Toxic
by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
2.5 |
R23/25 |
Toxic
by inhalation and if swallowed. |
2.5 |
R24 |
Toxic
in contact with skin. |
2.5 |
R24/25 |
Toxic
in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
0.5 |
R25 |
Toxic
if swallowed. |
3.5 |
R26 |
Very
toxic by inhalation. |
3.5 |
R26/27 |
Very
toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin. |
3.5 |
R26/27/28 |
Very
toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
3.5 |
R26/28 |
Very
toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. |
3.5 |
R27 |
Very
toxic in contact with skin. |
3.5 |
R27/28 |
Very
toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
0.5 |
R28 |
Very
toxic if swallowed. |
1.5 |
R29 |
Contact
with water liberates toxic gas. |
1.5 |
R30 |
Can
become highly flammable in use. |
1.5 |
R31 |
Contact
with acids liberates toxic gas. |
2.5 |
R32 |
Contact
with acids liberates very toxic gas. |
4 |
R33 |
Danger
of cumulative effects. |
2 |
R34 |
Causes
burns. |
3 |
R35 |
Causes
severe burns. |
1.5 |
R36 |
Irritating
to eyes. |
1.5 |
R36/37 |
Irritating
to eyes and respiratory system. |
1.5 |
R36/37/38 |
Irritating
to eyes, respiratory system and skin. |
1.5 |
R36/38 |
Irritating
to eyes and skin. |
1.5 |
R37 |
Irritating
to respiratory system. |
1.5 |
R37/38 |
Irritating
to respiratory system and skin. |
1.5 |
R38 |
Irritating
to skin. |
3.5 |
R39 |
Danger
of very serious irreversible effects. |
3.5 |
R39/23 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. |
3.5 |
R39/23/24 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and in
contact with skin. |
3.5 |
R39/23/24/25 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact
with skin and if swallowed. |
3.5 |
R39/23/25 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and if
swallowed. |
3.5 |
R39/24 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. |
3.5 |
R39/24/25 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin and if
swallowed. |
0.5 |
R39/25 |
Toxic:
danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. |
4 |
R39/26 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation. |
4 |
R39/26/27 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and
in contact with skin. |
4 |
R39/26/27/28 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in
contact with skin and if swallowed. |
4 |
R39/26/28 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation and
if swallowed. |
4 |
R39/27 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin. |
4 |
R39/27/28 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects in contact with skin
and if swallowed. |
0.5 |
R39/28 |
Very
toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects if swallowed. |
3 |
R40 |
Possible
risks of irreversible effects. |
3 |
R40/20 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation. |
3 |
R40/20/21 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and in contact
with skin. |
3 |
R40/20/21/22 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with
skin and if swallowed. |
3 |
R40/20/22 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects through inhalation and if swallowed. |
3 |
R40/21 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin. |
3 |
R40/21/22 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects in contact with skin and if
swallowed. |
0.5 |
R40/22 |
Harmful:
possible risk of irreversible effects if swallowed. |
2 |
R41 |
Risk
of serious damage to eyes. |
4 |
R42 |
May
cause sensitization by inhalation. |
4 |
R42/43 |
May
cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact. |
4 |
R43 |
May
cause sensitization by skin contact. |
4 |
R44 |
Risk
of explosion if heated under confinement. |
5 |
R45 |
May
cause cancer. |
5 |
R46 |
May
cause heritable genetic damage. |
5 |
R47 |
May
cause deformities. |
1.5 |
R48 |
Danger
of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure. |
1.5 |
R48/20 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation. |
1.5 |
R48/20/21 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation and in contact with skin. |
1.5 |
R48/20/21/22 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
1.5 |
R48/20/22 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation and if swallowed. |
1.5 |
R48/21 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with
skin. |
1.5 |
R48/21/22 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with
skin and if swallowed. |
0.1 |
R48/22 |
Harmful:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. |
2.5 |
R48/23 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation. |
2.5 |
R48/23/24 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation and in contact with skin. |
2.5 |
R48/23/24/25 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
2.5 |
R48/23/25 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure through
inhalation and if swallowed. |
2.5 |
R48/24 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with
skin. |
2.5 |
R48/24/25 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure in contact with
skin and if swallowed. |
0.1 |
R48/25 |
Toxic:
danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure if swallowed. |
5 |
R49 |
May
cause cancer by inhalation. |
0.1 |
R50 |
Very
toxic to aquatic organisms. |
0.1 |
R50/53 |
Very
toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the
aquatic environment. |
0.1 |
R51 |
Toxic
to aquatic organisms. |
0.1 |
R51/53 |
Toxic
to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic
environment. |
0.1 |
R52 |
Harmful
to aquatic organisms. |
0.1 |
R52/53 |
Harmful
to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic
environment. |
0.1 |
R53 |
May
cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. |
0.1 |
R54 |
Toxic
to flora. |
0.1 |
R55 |
Toxic
to fauna. |
0.1 |
R56 |
Toxic
to soil organisms. |
0.1 |
R57 |
Toxic
to bees. |
0.1 |
R58 |
May
cause long-term adverse effects in the environment. |
0.1 |
R59 |
Dangerous
for the ozone layer. |
5 |
R60 |
May
impair fertility. |
5 |
R61 |
May
cause harm to the unborn child. |
5 |
R62 |
Possible
risk of impaired fertility. |
5 |
R63 |
Possible
risk of harm to the unborn child. |
5 |
R64 |
May
cause harm to breastfed babies. |
0.5 |
R65 |
Harmful:
may cause lung damage if swallowed. |
0.1 |
R66 |
Repeated
exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. |
0.1 |
R67 |
Vapours
may cause drowsiness and dizziness. |
To be able to estimate the risk potential for the employee with EATOS, the substances on the input-side presented under the denotation ‘S-1’ in form of a column, are weighted with the weighting factors specified for them. Besides, the environmental index for the input ‘EI_in’ (Environmental Index (Input)), if desired, together with the category ‘Claiming of resources’, is formed.
Back to Main Menu | Next Chapter |